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　　新英语教学大纲要求高中英语教学要“侧重培养阅读能力”。阅读能力通常指两个方面，一是阅读理解；二是阅读速度。在一般情况下，阅读速度和理解率总是成正比的。《教学大纲》要求：“以每分钟40-50个词的速度阅读”。有些学生在日常学习中阅读量增加了，可速度还是比较慢，达不到《大纲》要求。因此，要提高读速，恰当的阅读技巧与方法是重要的。笔者在数年的高中英语教学中，就如何培养学生快速阅读能力做了初步探讨，概述如下：
　　 一、不要逐字阅读，要养成视读习惯，扩大注视域
　　有些学生一个一个字地阅读，有时还边读边用手或笔指着字，有的甚至把每个字都译成汉语，例如：It's a good old American custom to celebrate the first Monday inSeptember as Labour Day and to honour allworkers.这样做，不仅阅读速度慢，而且用英语结构堆积起来的汉语句子来理解英语篇章，更会有偏差。
　　我们要克服逐字阅读习惯，逐渐养成一个意群一个意群地阅读，进而一个整句一个整句阅读的习惯，如It's good old American custom to celebrate the first Monday In September as Labour Day and to honour allworkers.全句共有21个词，若逐词阅读，眼睛需注视21次，阅读速度慢，且句子支离破碎。而按意读，眼睛只需注视3次，这种阅读注视域比第一种大的多，不仅阅读速度加快，而且对句子的理解也会更完整、更透彻。
　　 二、浏览全文，整体理解，抓住主旨
　　有些学生阅读时“只见树木，不见森林”，只会死扣文中的词法、句法，而不是把重点放在语言表达的内容上。如整体理解全文，抓住文章的中心等。我们阅读时，首先应浏览全文，对篇章内容有一个整体理解，其次弄清篇章结构、段落层次，找出段落大意和全文中心思想等。
　　那么应如何寻找中心论点，抓住篇章的主旨大意，进行好这关键的一步呢？一般来说，中心论点常常由主题段或主题句来表达，往往一篇文章的开头是主题段，而每一段的第一句为主题句，有时也会出现在句尾或中间，有时会同时出现在句首和句尾，而有时则根本无明显的主题句，需要读者从他所叙述的细节去体会他所表达的主题，也就是段落的中心思想暗含在各句中间，如：
　　(1)The Redskins certainly is a very die-hard football team.Every time they play a "must win"game,they seem to find just enough strength to do it.The players never give up.The coach is always confident that the team can win when their backs are against the wall.此短文的主题句就是本文开始第一句话：The Redskins certainly is a very diehard football team.作者一起笔就给读者提出了想写什么。即概述开始，随之详细解说。
　　(2)Hellen Keller was born in 1880. Whenshe was born two years old, she lost her sightand hearing as the result of an illness. In spisteof this, Hellen overcame her handicaps and atlast learned to read and write. In 1886 she became the pupil of Anne Sullivan who taughtHellen to "see" with her fingertips, to "hear"with her feet and hands,and to communicatewith other people. Miss Sullivan succeeded inarousing Hellen' s curiosity and interest byspelling the name of objects into her hand. Atthe end of three years,Hellen had masteredboth the manual and the Braille alphabet.该段的主题句不在起始句而在段落中间：In spiteof this,Hellen overcame her handicaps and atlast to read and write这种类型的语篇，开头句子往往表述段落要论述的主题，而主题则随之由引出的句子来表述。
　　(3) Trouble, trouble, trouble! First it wasthe tires（轮胎）！I discovered two of themcompletely worn out after only one year' s use.After replacing the tires, the brakes（煞车制动器）went bad.There went 附图150! Just when Ithought everything was working fine,the engineboiled over as I sat in a long line at the toll（过桥收费处）bridge.此段无明显的主题句，这就要求读者在阅读过程中，抓住一些重要的细节和线索，然后再把这些细节和线索有机地联系起来。从上文中，不难看出，文中所提出的细节，是围绕car展开的，所以，自然得出结论，本段的topic就是汽车car。
　　(4) You often ask"Is there any mail forme? returning home at lunch or dinner time. Ifthere is a letter, you read it eagerly, pleased thatyour friend or relative has thought of you. Otherpeople answer a friendly letter as warmly as youdo!They are happy to be remembered. But ifthe letter you write makes them feel as if youyourself were with them, speaking in your ownfriendly way,they are especially pleased. Youhave given something of yourself.And to beyourself in a letter to a friend is an art you needto master.本段主题句出现在语篇的段尾。当主题句出现在段尾时，语篇常用归纳法撰写，表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。它的目的主要是陈述依据上文的细节，归纳要点或共性以及得出观点印象或结果。
　　(5)Good manners are imprtant in allcoutries,but ways of expressing good mannersare different from country to country. Amcricanseat with knives and forks; Japanese eat withchopsticks. Americans say"Hi"when they meet;Japanese bow. Many American men open doorfor women; Japanese men do not. On the suface,it appears that good manners in America are notgood manners in Japan, and in a way this istrue. But in any country, the manners that areimportant are those involving （涉及）one people' s behavior （行为）toward another person.In all countries it is good manners to behaveconsiderately toward others and bad mannersnot to. It is only the way of behaving politelythat differs from country to country.
　　此篇章的主题句在段首和段尾。在有些篇章，作者为了突出主题思想，采用前后呼应，两次点题的写作手法。值得注意的是，表述同一个主题思想的两个主题句，句型结构一般不一致，内容也不是简单的重复，多半有引申或顺应其向细节的辅叙而有所侧重。
　　在抓住主题句的同时，要注意抓住一些关键词语，因为他们也暗示着文章的主题，尤其是一些带感情色彩的词，如，surpisingly,fortunately,sadly等。抓住这些特定信息，来理解人物的态度，作者的意图。
　　最后，阅读时还要特别注意把握篇章的主要脉络及段与段之间的逻辑关系，因为它既是开启理解全文大意的钥匙，又是阅读理解测试的重点。如1995年高考题阅读A：
　　Fat on human beings is distributed（分布）in different ways. Some fat people have a largestomach and no waist line-which makes themlook round, rather like apples. Other are fatterbelow the waist,which makes them appearpear-shaped（梨形的）.
　　There are two types of fat external fat (fatunder the skin) and internal fat (fat inside thebody wall). Doctors who have been examiningthe relationship between health and fatness,have found that the'pears' have less internalfat, but the'apples'have more internal fat thanexternal fat. This seems to be what causes thehealth problems. The best treatment for fatnessis to reduce the internal fat. But unfortunately itseems that dieting（节食）simply makes an apple-shaped person into a smaller apple and apear-shaped person into a smaller pear. At themoment there is no known way of reducing theintenal rather than the external fat.
　　61.The text is mainly about＿＿＿＿.
　　A.fatness and health
　　B.ways to lose weight
　　C.people's figure
　　D.distribution of fat
　　答案是A
　　 三、不要见生词就查字典，要培养推测能力
　　《大纲》中规定：“阅读生词率不超过3%，”也就是允许读物中有3%的生词率。有些学生在阅读中一遇到不熟悉的词或词组就急于查字典、参考书，这样做是不可取的，一则严重影响了阅读速度，二则在考试中是不允许查字典的。因此熟练地掌握判断词义的技巧是非常有益的。一般说来，对与主题无关或不影响全文理解的词可略过去；对有些影响理解的词可通过上下文，也可根据构词法判断词义。如：necessary-necessarity possible-possiblity 又如：Mr Hill worked in a hospital. His medical skill was good and got a lot ofmoney. His wife always thought a few womenloved him and made him give all his pay toher. He was angry with her at it but had to do asshe said. So he bought a safe and hid somemoney in it. Of course his wife didn' t knowabout it.
　　1.The word"safe"in the story means.
　　a.安全的 b.保险柜 c.冷藏柜
　　d.稳妥的
　　该题根据上下文来体会，不难猜测safe的词义在此为“b.保险柜”
　　 四、学会默读
　　默读与朗读是两种技能。朗读主要是训练学生的语音、语调。学生朗读一篇未读过文章的时候，注意力往往集中在语音语调上，对文章内容则不完全理解。有时是嘴里念念有词，心中不知所云，严重影响了阅读速度。为此，一定要养成默读的习惯，避免出声，不要有眼脑之外其它身体部位的活动，全神贯注于篇章，以这种方式，才能达到事半功倍的阅读效果，加快阅读速度。
　　培养快速阅读能力，并不是一朝一夕的事情。只有经过经常不断的实践练习，并且运用行之有效的方法，才能养成良好的阅读习惯，有效地提高阅读能力，从而在高考中取得好成绩。
承德民族师专学校承德G381中学外语教与学董蕤20022002董蕤 河北承德一中 作者：承德民族师专学校承德G381中学外语教与学董蕤20022002

网载 2013-09-10 21:43:19

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